消费主义(consumerism)
为了买方的权益旨在控制制造厂商、卖方和广告商的产品、服务、做法和标准的活动或政策。这种控制章程可能是社会团体性的、法定的，或订在某一行业所接受的自愿遵守的典籍中，或订在受消费者组织较为间接影响而形成的守则中。为保障消费者，政府常建立正式的管理机构（例如，美国的联邦贸易委员会和食品和药物管理署）。早期曾制定一些消费者保护法律管理食品和有害药物的销售。美国消费者保护运动始於1960年代、1970年代消费者卫士纳德游说制定汽车、玩具和许多家庭用品的安全标准的法律。另外还通过法律规定广告商对其产品做真实的描述和防止销售人员使用欺骗的销售策略。消费主张由国际消费者联盟（IOCU）在世界各地推动。
English version：
consumerism
Movement or policies aimed at regulating the products, services, methods, and standards of manufacturers, sellers, and advertisers in the interests of the buyer. Such regulation may be institutional, statutory, or embodied in a voluntary code accepted by a particular industry, or it may result more indirectly from the influence of consumer organizations. Governments often establish formal regulatory agencies to ensure consumer protection (in the U.S., e.g., the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration). Some of the earliest consumer-protection laws were created to prevent the sale of tainted food and harmful drugs. The U.S. consumer protection movement gained strength in the 1960s and '70s as consumer activists led by Ralph Nader lobbied for laws setting safety standards for automobiles, toys, and numerous household products. Consumer advocates have also won passage of laws obliging advertisers to represent their goods truthfully and preventing sales representatives from using deceptive sales tactics. Consumer advocacy is carried on worldwide by the International Organization of Consumers Unions (IOCU).
