观念论(idealism)
形上学的一种观点，在世界的组成和人类对经验的诠释中强调观念（ideal）或心灵的中心角色。观念论坚持：基本上，世界或真实以精神或意识的形式存在；抽象概念和法则在真实性方面比感觉性事物重要，或者，至少存在的任何事物对人类知识来说主要是精神方面的--也就是精神上的信念。形上学观念论主张真实的理想性，知识论观念论则坚持心灵在知识过程中仅能把握住自身的内容。因此，形上学观念论与唯物主义完全相反，而知识论观念论与实在论完全相反。纯粹观念论（参阅Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich）包括以下的准则：一、日常人事物的世界并非真正的世界，而只是非批判范畴中的样貌；二、世界最佳的想法是半意识心灵的形式；三、思想是每个特别经验与表达形式之无限整体的关系；四、真理存在於思想之间的连贯关系，而非思想与外在实物之间的关联。亦请参阅coherentism、Berkeley, George。
English version：
idealism
In metaphysics, the view that stresses the central role of the ideal or the spiritual in the constitution of the world and in mankind's interpretation of experience. Idealism may hold that the world or reality exists essentially as spirit or consciousness, that abstractions and laws are more fundamental in reality than sensory things, or, at least, that whatever exists is known to mankind in dimensions that are chiefly mental—that is, through and as ideas. Metaphysical idealism asserts the ideality of reality; epistemological idealism holds that in the knowledge process the mind can grasp only its own contents. Metaphysical idealism is thus directly opposed to materialism, and epistemological idealism is opposed to realism. Absolute idealism (see G. W. F. Hegel) includes the following principles: (1) the everyday world of things and persons is not the world as it really is but merely as it appears in terms of uncriticized categories; (2) the best reflection of the world is in terms of a self-conscious mind; (3) thought is the relation of each particular experience with the infinite whole of which it is an expression; and (4) truth consists in relationships of coherence between thoughts, rather than in a correspondence between thoughts and external realities (see coherentism). See also George Berkeley.
