法尔内塞家族(Farnese family)
义大利贵族世家，1545～1731年统治帕尔马和皮亚琴察公国。以族中政治家和军人辈出而着名，特别是在14、15世纪，也以善用政治联姻而出名。1545年教宗保禄三世（法尔内塞家族的一员）从教宗领地中把帕尔马和皮亚琴察独立出来，建为公国。第一代公爵皮耶尔.卢伊季.法尔内塞（1503～1547）是他的私生子。其继承人奥塔维奥.法尔内塞（即第二代公爵，1542～1586）定帕尔马为首府，巩固了家族权力。第三代公爵亚历山德罗.法尔内塞曾任西属尼德兰的摄政，也是唯一名字冠上公爵封号的人。他的儿子拉努乔一世（1569～1622）和孙子奥多阿尔多一世（1612～1646）因在三十年战争中参与多次毫无决定意义的战役而欠下沈重的债务。1649年教宗英诺森十世指责法尔内塞家族的人谋害一位教士，并没收这块封地。拉努乔二世（1630～1694）於是宣战，但被打败，公国苟延残喘地留下来。弗朗西斯科.法尔内塞（1678～1727）力图挽救公国没落的命运，但唯一获得重要成功的是把他的侄女伊莉莎白.法尔内塞嫁给西班牙国王腓力五世（1714）。1731年公国自末代公爵安东尼奥.法尔内塞（1679～1731）手中传给伊莎贝拉的儿子，即未来的西班牙国王查理三世。
English version：
Farnese family
Italian family that ruled the duchy of Parma and Piacenza from 1545 to 1731. The family became noted for its statesmen and soldiers, especially in the 14th-15th century, as well as by contracting politically useful marriages. In 1545 Pope Paul III, a Farnese, detached Parma and Piacenza from the papal dominions and made them into duchies. The first duke was his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese (1503-1547), whose son Ottavio (1542-1586), the 2nd duke, made Parma the capital and consolidated the family's power. The 3rd duke, Alessandro Farnese, was Spain's regent of the Netherlands and duke in name only. His son, Ranuccio I (1569-1622), and grandson, Odoardo I (1612-1646), left heavy financial and diplomatic debts by inconclusive military campaigns in the Thirty Years' War. In 1649 Pope Innocent X accused the Farnese of the murder of an ecclesiastic and seized the fief. Ranuccio II (1630-1694) declared war and was defeated, and the duchy survived precariously. Francesco Farnese (1678-1727) tried to save the state, but his only important success was the marriage of his niece Elizabeth Farnese to Philip V of Spain (1714). In 1731 the duchy passed from the last Farnese of the male line, Antonio (1679-1731), to Elizabeth's son, the future Charles III.
