拿破仑(1769～1821年)
Napoleon
义大利原名Napoleone Buonaparte
法语原名Napoléon Bonaparte
法国将军和皇帝（1804～1815年在位）。双亲是义大利後裔。他在法国受教育，1785年成为陆军军官。他在法国革命战争中参与战斗，1793年晋升为准将。在义大利北部打败奥地利军队後，他商订了「坎波福尔米奥条约」（1797）。他试着征服埃及（1798～1799），但在尼罗河战役中被纳尔逊打败。1799年的雾月十八～十九日政变使他获得权力，开始了军事独裁，自任第一执政官。他为政府引进无数改革，包括「拿破仑法典」，并且重建法国的教育体系。1801年他与教宗商订「1801年教务专约」。在马伦戈战役（1800）中打败奥地利军队以後，他发动了拿破仑战争。欧洲各国为对抗他而成立联盟，促使拿破仑宣布法国为世袭帝国，并在1804年自封为皇帝。1805年在奥斯特利茨战役中，他对奥地利及俄罗斯获得军事上的最大胜利。他在耶拿战役中击败普鲁士（1806），在弗里德兰战役中击败俄罗斯（1807）。接着，他强迫俄罗斯签订「季尔锡特条约」，终结了反法国家的第四次联盟。尽管他在特拉法加战役中败给英军，他却致力於削弱英国商业，以封港方式建立大陆封锁。他在1810年之前巩固了他的欧洲帝国，但逐渐卷入半岛战争（1808～1814）中。他带领法军进入奥地利，并在瓦格拉姆战役（1809）中击败奥军，签订了「维也纳条约」。为了强化「季尔锡特条约」，1812年他率领450,000以上的军队进入俄罗斯，赢得博罗季诺战役，但在损失惨重的情况下被迫从莫斯科撤退。他的陆军大受削弱，又面对各国的有力联盟，而在莱比锡战役（1813）被打败。在巴黎被盟国拿下後，1814年拿破仑被迫退位，而被流放至厄尔巴岛。1815年他召集一支军队，并回到法国，重新自立为百日皇帝，但在滑铁卢战役遭到决定性挫败。他被流放到遥远的圣赫勒拿岛，六年後在那里死去。身为历史上最着名的人物，拿破仑使军事组织及训练发生革命性变化，并以改革彻底影响了法国和全欧的国家机构。
English version：
1769～1821年
Napoleon
French general and emperor (1804-15). Born in Corsica to parents of Italian ancestry, he was educated in France and became an army officer in 1785. He fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and was promoted to brigadier general in 1793. After victories against the Austrians in northern Italy, he negotiated the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797). He attempted to conquer Egypt (1798-99) but was defeated by the British under Horatio Nelson in the Battle of the Nile. The Coup of 18-19 Brumaire brought him to power in 1799, and he installed a military dictatorship, with himself as First Consul. He introduced numerous reforms in government, including the Napoleonic Code, and reconstructed the French education system. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the pope. After victory against the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo (1800), he embarked on the Napoleonic Wars. The formation of coalitions of European countries against him led Napoleon to declare France a hereditary empire and to crown himself emperor in 1804. He won his greatest military victory at the Battle of Austerlitz against Austria and Russia in 1805. He defeated Prussia at the Battles of Jena and Auerstedt (1806) and Russia at the Battle of Friedland (1807). He then imposed the Treaty of Tilsit on Russia, ending the fourth coalition of countries against France. Despite his loss to Britain at the Battle of Trafalgar, he sought to weaken British commerce and established the Continental System of port blockades. He consolidated his European empire until 1810, but became embroiled in the Peninsular War (1808-14). He led the French army into Austria and defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram (1809), signing the Treaty of Vienna. To enforce the Treaty of Tilsit, he led an army of over 450,000 into Russia in 1812, winning the Battle of Borodino, but was forced to retreat from Moscow with disastrous losses. His army greatly weakened, he was met by a strong coalition of allied powers, who defeated him at the Battle of Leipzig (1813). After Paris was taken by the allied coalition, Napoleon was forced to abdicate in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815 he mustered a force and returned to France to reestablish himself as emperor for the Hundred Days, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. He was sent into exile on the remote island of St. Helena, where he died six years later. One of the most celebrated figures in history, Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training and brought about reforms that permanently influenced civil institutions in France and throughout Europe.
