印尼(Indonesia)
正式名称印尼共和国（Republic of Indonesia）
旧称荷属印度群岛（Netherlands Indies）
群岛国家，位於东南亚大陆海岸之外。约有岛屿13,670余个，其中逾7,000个是无人岛。面积1,922,570平方公里。人口约212,195,000（2001）。首都︰雅加达（位於爪哇岛）。约有300个不同的人种粗分成三个群体︰爪哇及其邻近岛屿的中稻的穆斯林；沿海的穆斯林，包括了苏门答腊的马来人，以及达雅克人等其他人种。语言︰印尼语（官方语）；另外有约250种语言，分属各个不同的种族。宗教︰一神论派（国教）、伊斯兰教（信徒逾4/5）、印度教和佛教。货币︰卢比（Rp）。印尼国土西起苏门答腊，东至新几内亚，长约5,100公里。其他主要岛屿有︰爪哇（全国逾半数的人口聚居於此）、巴里、龙目、松巴哇、帝汶的西半部、婆罗洲（部分）、西里伯斯（苏拉维西），和摩鹿加北部。岛屿的特徵是崎岖的火山和热带雨林。地质不稳定，该国地震频繁及有220座活火山，其中包括了喀拉喀托。仅十分之一的土地可供利用，稻米是主要农作物。石油、天然气、林业产品、服装和橡胶是该国主要输出品。政府形式为共和国，两院制。国家元首暨政府首脑是总统。
西元前1000年原始马来人从亚洲大陆移居印尼，约西元1世纪左右与中国建立商业关系，并受到印度的印度教和佛教文化影响的支配。13世纪时印度的贸易商引进伊斯兰教；除巴里岛仍维持印度教的信仰及文化外，整个群岛都受它支配。欧洲人的影响始於16世纪，17世纪晚期起印尼受荷兰人统治，直至1942年日本人入侵为止。1945年苏卡诺宣布印尼独立，1949年获荷兰的同意，仅维持名义上与尼德兰的联盟关系；1954年印尼解散这个联盟。1965年为镇压一场政变造成逾三十万人死亡，这些人被政府认为是共产党人，1968年苏哈托将军掌权。他的政府於1975～1976年强行将东帝汶并入印尼，造成多人丧生。1990年代该国受政治、经济及环境问题所苦，1998年苏哈托被废黜；副总统哈比比代之。穆斯林领袖瓦希德於1999年当选总统但在2001年因受到丑闻牵连而遭政府撤换，由副总统苏哈托的长女梅嘉瓦蒂继任。1999年东帝汶的人民举行公投脱离印尼而独立，并获得认可。东帝汶在联合国监督下成为非自治领地，後於2002年获得完全独立。
English version：
Indonesia
formerly Netherlands IndiesArchipelago nation, located off the coast of mainland Southeast Asia. It comprises about 13,670 islands, of which more than 7,000 are uninhabited. Area: 742,308 square miles (1,922,570 square km). Population (2001 est.): 212,195,000. Capital: Jakarta (on Java) It has more than 300 different ethnic groups which fall into three broad groups: the Muslim rice growers of Java and neighboring islands; the Muslim coastal peoples, including the Malays of Sumatra; and the Dayak and other ethnic groups. Language: Bahasa Indonesia (official); some 250 languages from different ethnic groups. Religions: monotheism (official); Islam (more than four-fifths); Hinduism; Buddhism. Currency: rupiah. Indonesia stretches 3,200 miles (5,100 km) from Sumatra in the west to New Guinea in the east. Other major islands include Java (with more than half of Indonesia's population), Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, the western half of Timor, Borneo (part), Celebes (Sulawesi), and the northern Moluccas. The islands are characterized by rugged volcanic mountains and tropical rainforests. Geologically unstable, Indonesia has frequent earthquakes and 220 active volcanoes, including Krakatau. Only one-tenth of its land is arable, and rice is the staple crop. Oil, natural gas, timber products, garments, and rubber are the country's major exports. It is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state and government is the president. Proto-Malay peoples migrated to Indonesia from mainland Asia before 1000 BC. Commercial relations were established with China in about the 1st century AD, and Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences from India began to take hold. Indian traders brought Islam to the islands in the 13th century; it took hold throughout the islands, except for Bali, which retained its Hindu religion and culture. European influence began in the 16th century, and the Dutch ruled Indonesia from the late 17th century until 1942, when the Japanese invaded. Sukarno declared Indonesia's independence in 1945, which the Dutch granted, with nominal union to the Netherlands, in 1949; Indonesia dissolved this union in 1954. The suppression of an alleged coup attempt in 1965 resulted in the deaths of more than 300,000 people the government claimed to be communists, and by 1968 General Suharto had taken power. His government forcibly incorporated East Timor into Indonesia in 1975-76, with much loss of life. In the 1990s the country was beset by political, economic, and environmental problems, and Suharto was deposed in 1998; he was replaced by his vice president, B.J. Habibie. Muslim leader Abdurrahman Wahid was elected president in 1999 but was removed from office in 2001 after being implicated in scandals. He was replaced by his vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri, the eldest daughter of Sukarno. In 1999 the people of East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia, which was granted. East Timor became a non-self-governing territory under United Nations supervision and in 2002 acheived full sovereignty.
