未来主义(Futurism)
20世纪初期的艺术运动，以义大利为中心，强调机器的动势、速度、能量和功率以及一般现代生活的活动、变化和纷扰不宁。未来主义首次出现於1909年，马里内蒂的一篇宣言中。宣言歌颂汽车的新技术以及它的速度、功率和运转的美。绘画和雕塑方面，在马里内蒂的支持下波丘尼等画家在1910年发表了几篇绘画方面的宣言。未来主义的画家们采用立体主义的技法，即用片断的和相互交融的平面的表面和轮廓同时描绘一个物体的几个边和景，在物体经过的空间有节奏地重复它的轮廓。未来主义者爱用飞奔的汽车和火车，正在比赛的自行车运动员和熙熙攘攘的城市群众之类的题材。他们所作的画在颜色方面要比立体主义者的画鲜艳活泼。波丘尼的老师巴拉（1871～1958）和塞维里尼（1883～1966）为这一派最杰出的画家。波丘尼於1916年死去。第一次世界大战结束了未来主义运动，对革命後俄国和达达主义产生强烈影响。在文学方面，马里内蒂在1909年的开山的概括性宣言之後，草拟一系列关於诗歌、戏剧、建筑以及其他艺术的宣言。马里内蒂曾到俄国为俄国未来主义打下了基础，这种未来主义远远超过义大利的胎模，具有革命的社会和政治观点。赫列勃尼科夫（1885～1922）和马雅可夫斯基是俄国未来主义开山祖。俄国和义大利的未来主义诗人抛开逻辑的句子结构，废弃传统的词法和句法。俄国未来主义者企图创造新的文学技巧因革新的理论前提太不稳固，难以成为建立一种比较广阔的文学运动的基础。1930年未来主义者的影响已经微乎其微。
English version：
Futurism
Early-20th-century art movement, centered in Italy, that celebrated the dynamism, speed, and power of the machine and the vitality and restlessness of modern life. The term was coined by Filippo Marinetti, who in 1909 published a manifesto glorifying the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed and power. In 1910, Umberto Boccioni and others published a manifesto on painting. They adopted the Cubist technique of depicting several views of an object simultaneously with fragmented planes and outlines, and used rhythmic spatial repetitions of the object's outlines in transit to render movement. Their preferred subjects were speeding cars and trains, racing cyclists, and urban crowds; their palette was more vibrant than the Cubists'. With Boccioni, the most prominent Futurist artists were his teacher, Giacomo Balla (1871-1958), and Gino Severini (1883-1966). Boccioni's death in 1916 and World War I brought an end to the movement, which had a strong influence in postrevolutionary Russia and on Dada.