民族主义；国家主义

民族主义；国家主义(nationalism)

对国家的忠诚与付出，尤其是将国家的利益置於个人或全球利益之上。在民族国家的时代前，这种忠诚的中心多半是邻近地区或宗教团体。大型中央集权国家的兴起削弱了地方的权力，社会中现世化的意识渐增则削弱了对宗教团体的忠诚，即使宗教，与种族、政治传统和历史一样，是吸引人民聚集从事民族主义运动的因素之一。初期的民族主义运动（18世纪和19世纪早期的欧洲）具有自由的和国际主义的性质，但渐渐地倾向於保守、目光偏狭和沙文主义。民族主义被视为导致现代两次世界大战和许多其他战争的主要因素。在20世纪的非洲和亚洲，民族主义通常是因反对殖民主义而兴起。苏联解体後，东欧和许多苏联附庸国中的民族主义又重抬头，且与种族渊源同为导致许多国家（例如前南斯拉夫）冲突日增的原因。

English version：

nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to one's nation or country, especially as above loyalty to other groups or individual interests. Before the era of the nation-state, the primary allegiance of most people was to their immediate locality or religious group. The rise of large, centralized states weakened local authority, and society's increasing secularization weakened loyalty to religious groups, though shared religion, along with race, political heritage, and history, is one of the factors that draws people together in nationalist movements. Early nationalist movements in 18th- and early 19th-century Europe were liberal and internationalist, but they gradually became more conservative, parochial, and chauvinistic. Nationalism is seen as a major contributing cause of both world wars and many other wars in the modern era. In Africa and Asia in the 20th century, it often arose in opposition to colonialism. After the fall of the Soviet Union, it made a powerful resurgence in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union's former republics, contributing (with ethnicity) to increased conflict in territories such as that of the former Yugoslavia.