犯罪学(criminology)
一种实用或「应用」的科学,指从伦理学、人类学、生物学、性格学、心理学、精神病学、社会学及统计学等各种学科的角度来研究犯罪的原因、矫正和预防。起源於18世纪晚期,当时的人道主义思潮反对刑事审判和监狱制度的残酷、武断和低效能,出现了所谓古典犯罪学派;不过他们所追求的主要还是刑罚和刑法的改革,而不是研究犯罪和罪犯本身。到19世纪下半叶,产生了实证主义犯罪学派,试图通过对在押犯人的直接观察和计量来确定各类型罪犯的特徵,认为犯罪原因是多方面的,大多数是由环境和交往造成,而不是天生的。由此,犯罪学的研究开始着重於罪犯个案的研究,以及预防和改造措施的探索。如果没有实证学派,不但现在的犯罪学研究以及当代一些用作代替死刑和传统式监禁的办法,如缓刑、缓期判刑、罚金、假释,都将是不可想像的。第二次世界大战後又出现了第三种学派--社会防卫学派,该派学者不赞成对罪犯进行固定的分类,而强调人格的特殊性和道德价值,特别重要的是主张罪犯权利与社会权利的平衡。近代犯罪学研究的目的有三︰一、搜集有关的和可靠的事实并加以解释,二、把一系列事实和另一系列事实联系起来,确定原因所在,三、从研究中归纳出法则。参阅delinquency、penology。
English version:
criminology
Scientific study of nonlegal aspects of crime, including its causes and prevention. Criminology originated in the 18th century when social reformers began to question the use of punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. In the 19th century, scientific methods began to be applied to the study of crime. Today criminologists commonly use statistics, case histories, official records, and sociological field methods to study criminals and criminal activity, including the rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas. Their findings are used by lawyers, judges, probation officers, law-enforcement and prison officials, legislators, and scholars to better understand criminals and the effects of treatment and prevention. See also delinquency, penology.