秘鲁(Peru)
正式名称秘鲁共和国（Republic of Peru）
面积1,285,216平方公里。首都︰利马。人口约26,090,000（2001）。几乎有一半的人口是克丘亚印第安人，近1/3是梅斯蒂索人（印第安人和西班牙人的混血後裔），还有一小群白人和艾马拉印第安人。语言︰西班牙语、克丘亚语和艾马拉语（均为官方语）。宗教︰天主教和新教。货币︰新索尔（S/.）。秘鲁是南美洲第三大国，可划分为三个地理区（由西到东）：沿海区，为狭长的沙漠低地地带；高地区，主要是安地斯山脉的一部分；广阔、有森林覆盖的东部山麓和平原区，主要由亚马逊河流域的热带雨林构成。秘鲁属开发中混合型经济，以制造业、服务业、农业和矿业为基础，大多数工业（包括石油）已在1960年代晚期和1970年代初国有化，不过在1990年代许多企业再度私有化。政府形式是多党制中央集权共和国，一院制。国家元首暨政府首脑是总统。
秘鲁曾是印加帝国的中心，与其首都库斯科一起建於1230年左右。1533年为皮萨罗所征服，此後为西班牙统治了近300年。1821年宣布独立，1824年获得自由。1879～1884年与智利发生太平洋战争，结果战败。与厄瓜多的边界纠纷在1941年爆发了战争，结果秘鲁控制了亚马逊河流域的一大部分；进一步的纷争持续下去，直至1998年画定边界为止。1968年政府为一军事执政团所推翻，1980年才恢复文人统治。1992年藤森谦也的政府解散了议会，次年颁布新宪法。後来成功战胜了光辉道路派和图帕克.阿马鲁（Tupac Amaru）的叛乱活动。1995年藤森谦成功连任，但在2000年大选时，被控有诈欺的嫌疑，同年底他的政府溃败下来。2001年托莱多（Alejandro Toledo）成为秘鲁第一个民选出来的克丘亚族总统。
English version：
Peru
Country, western South America. Area: 496,225 sq mi (1,285,216 sq km). Population (2000 est.): 25,661,690. Capital: Lima. Almost half of the people are Quechua Indians, and nearly one-third are mestizos of combined Indian and Spanish ancestry; smaller groups include whites and Aymara Indians. Languages: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official). Religions: Roman Catholicism (official), Protestantism. Currency: new sol. Peru is the third largest nation in South America and may be divided into three geographic regions from west to east: the coast, a long, narrow belt of desert lowlands; the highlands, the Peruvian portion of the Andes; and the vast, forested eastern foothills and plains, consisting mainly of the tropical rainforests of the Amazon River basin. Peru has a developing mixed economy based largely on services, manufacturing, agriculture, and mining. Most industries, including the petroleum industry, were nationalized in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but many were privatized again in the 1990s. It is a republic with one legislative house; its head of state and government is the president. Peru was the center of the Inca empire, which was established c. 1230 with its capital at Cuzco. In 1533 it was conquered by Francisco Pizarro, and was dominated by Spain for almost 300 years as the viceroyalty of Peru. It declared its independence in 1821, and freedom was achieved in 1824. Peru was defeated in the War of the Pacific with Chile (1879-84). A boundary dispute with Ecuador erupted into war in 1941, which gave Peru control over a larger part of the Amazon basin; further disputes ensued until the border was demarcated again in 1998. The government was overthrown by a military junta in 1968, and civilian rule was restored in 1980. The government of Alberto Fujimori dissolved the legislature in 1992 and promulgated a new constitution the following year. It later successfully combated the Shining Path and Tupac Amarú rebel movements. Fujimori won a second term in 1995, but charges of fraud accompanied his election to a third term in 2000; his government crumbled later that year. In 2001 Alejandro Toledo became Peru's first democratically elected president of Quechua ethnicity.
