弗拉明科(flamenco)
安达鲁西亚吉普赛人的音乐和舞蹈。来源於吉普赛、安达鲁西亚、阿拉伯，也许还有西班牙犹太人的民间歌曲，根据一些学者的考证，它还来源於拜占庭和印度的宗教圣歌。弗拉明科的精华是「歌」，常常有吉他音乐伴奏，同时表演即兴舞蹈。这种音乐和舞蹈分为三类︰「深沈的」或「严肃的」被认为是最古老的形式，描写死亡、痛苦、绝望或宗教信仰的题材；介乎中间的，不很深沈但同样令人感动的，往往带有配合音乐的东方色彩的角色；以及「轻松的」，描写爱情、乡村生活和欢乐的题材。从19世纪起吉普赛人开始在咖啡馆里跳舞，并以此为业，於是「弗拉明科」一词首先用来称呼他们当时的音乐和舞蹈。尽管早期的「歌」是不用吉他伴奏的，但在咖啡馆里吉他却成了必备的乐器。传统的弗拉明科一定要有「杜安德」，--即音乐和舞蹈的遏制不住的情绪控制了表演者。伴随表演的是「哈列奥」，即拍手、捻指和激动的喊叫。适用於这类歌的节奏同样也可以作为「哈列奥」独奏来表演。舞蹈表演者经常捻动手指弹击出各种复杂的节奏。
English version：
flamenco
Form of song, dance, and instrumental (mostly guitar) music commonly associated with the Andalusian Gypsies of southern Spain. (There, the Gypsy, or Roma, people and their language are known as Caló, or Gitano.) The roots of flamenco, though somewhat mysterious, seem to lie in the Gypsy migration from Rajasthan (in northwest India) to Spain between the 9th and 14th centuries. Its essence is cante, or song, often accompanied by guitar music and improvised dance. The cante jondo (“profound song” or “deep song”), thought to be the oldest form, is characterized by profound emotion and deals with themes of death, anguish, despair, or religious doubt. After the mid-19th century, flamenco song was usually accompanied by guitar music and a [spanish]palo seco (Spanish: “dry stick,” a stick that was beat on the floor to keep time) and a dancer performing a series of choreographed dance steps and improvised styles. [spanish]Baile, or dance, has been the dominant element of flamenco since that time, though it is never performed without accompaniment. Essential to traditional flamenco is the duende, an intensely focused, trancelike state of transcendent emotion. It is usually enhanced by rhythmic hand clapping and encouraging interjections (jaleo) from fellow performers.
