城市规画

城市规画(urban planning)

绝大多数工业化国家为达到改善生活环境和某些社会与经济目标而从事的计画。在古代城市遗迹中，可以找到从事城市规画的证据，如整齐的街道系统、供水与排水设施等。在文艺复兴时期，欧洲的城市地区曾有意识地进行规画，以满足交通需求，为了抵抗入侵还修筑防御设施。这种规画思想，流传到了美国。彭威廉设计的方格状街道规画，街道布局和划分的土地小块，能适应土地用途的迅速转变。工业革命所形成的贫民区脏乱现象，引发了现代的城市规画和改建运动。城市规画师们制订了住房、卫生、供水、排水和公共卫生的标准，还在拥挤的城区内开辟公园和游戏场地。20世纪城市规画主要思想是城市分区，即是规定房屋的性质，限制其高度与密度，以及保护业已建成的居民点。

English version：

urban planning

Programs pursued in most industrialized countries in an attempt to improve the urban environment and achieve certain social and economic objectives. Evidence of urban planning can be found in the ruins of ancient cities, including orderly street systems and conduits for water and sewage. During the Renaissance, European city areas were consciously planned to achieve circulation of the populace and provide fortification against invasion. Such concepts were exported to the New World, where William Penn developed the standard gridiron plan, the laying out of streets and plots of land adaptable to rapid change in land use. The modern urban planning and redevelopment movement arose in response to the disorder and squalor of the slums created by the Industrial Revolution. City planners imposed regulatory laws establishing standards for housing, sanitation, water supply, sewage, and public health conditions, and introduced parks and playgrounds into congested city neighborhoods. In the 20th century, zoning—the regulation of building activity according to use and location—came to be a key tool for city planners.