化妆(makeup)
在表演艺术中演员用於化妆以有助於使自己符合所扮角色外貌的任何一种材料。在希腊和罗马戏剧中，由於演员可以使用假面具，所以不需要化妆。欧洲中世纪的宗教剧中使用化妆；天使的脸涂成鲜红色，而饰上帝或基督的演员则把脸涂成白色或金色。英国伊莉莎白时期，演员要用白垩涂脸（扮演鬼魂或谋杀者），或用煤烟或炭黑涂脸（演摩尔人）。19世纪舞台灯光技术提高後，戏剧的化妆技术更加艺术化，由莱希纳（L. Leichner）在1860年代发明的棒状油彩使演员们能够表现出更加细致的人物性格。舞台化妆对电影来说过於浓重，1910年蜜斯佛陀（Max Factor）发明了一种半液状油彩使化妆适合早期电影制作，1928年，他创造出全色化妆与白炽热灯和感光胶片的发展并驾齐驱。後来的化妆技术被进一步改良以适应彩色电影和电视制作的要求。亦请参阅cosmetics。
English version：
makeup
In the performing arts, material used by actors for cosmetic purposes and to help create the characters they play. Not needed in Greek and Roman theater because of the use of masks, makeup was used in the religious plays of medieval Europe, in which the angels' faces were painted red and those of God and Christ white or gold. In Elizabethan England, crude makeup methods included powdering the face with chalk (to play ghosts and murderers) or blackening it with burnt cork (to play Moors). As stage lighting improved in the 19th century, theatrical makeup became more artistic; stick greasepaint, invented by Ludwig Leichner in the 1860s, enabled actors to create more subtle characterizations. Stage makeup proved too heavy for motion pictures; in 1910 Max Factor created semiliquid greasepaint makeup suitable for early filmmaking, and in 1928 he created panchromatic makeup to keep pace with the development of incandescent lighting and more sensitive film. Makeup was later further modified for color filmmaking and for television. See also cosmetics.
