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battery
Any of a class of devices, consisting of a group of electric cells, that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. A wet cell (e.g., a car battery) contains free liquid electrolyte; in a dry cell (e.g., a flashlight battery), the electrolyte is held in an absorbent material. Chemicals are arranged so that electrons released from the battery's negative electrode flow (see electric current) through a circuit outside the battery (in the device powered by it) to the positive electrode. The voltage depends on the chemicals used and the number of cells (in series); the current depends on the resistance in the total circuit (including the battery¡ªand thus on electrode size). Multiple batteries may be connected in series (the positive electrode of one to the negative electrode of the next), increasing total voltage, or in parallel (positive to positive and negative to negative), increasing total current. Standard dry cells used in flashlights and certain wet cells for marine, mine, highway, and military use are not rechargeable; car batteries, many dry cells used in cordless appliances, and batteries for certain military and aerospace uses may be recharged repeatedly.