伦敦(London)
英国的首都及最大城市。位於英格兰东南部，滨泰晤士河。内伦敦的范围包括最原始的伦敦市和伦敦33个自治市的其中13个，大伦敦则包括所有的33个自治市。西元1世纪时由罗马人建立，当时名为伦迪尼乌姆（Londinium），6世纪时归属撒克逊人。丹麦人在865年入侵英格兰时破坏了该城的防御工事，後来重建。威廉一世建立了伦敦塔这个城堡要塞的中心堡垒。诺曼国王们挑选威斯敏斯特为行政首府，而爱德华建立了西敏寺这座教堂。这座在1085年之前阿尔卑斯山脉以北欧洲最大的城市在1348～1349年遭到黑死病的重创。16世纪中叶贸易日益成长，因英国海外帝国的扩张而加速发展。1664～1665年爆发的瘟疫造成七万多名伦敦人死亡。1666年伦敦大火烧光了5/6的城市，後来加以重建（参阅Wren, Sir Christopher）。从18世纪末叶到1914年伦敦一直是世界的贸易中心。1890年完成世界第一座电气地下铁道。在第二次世界大战期间的不列颠战役中遭到德军的严重轰炸。市内具有历史价值的地点包括：白金汉宫、泰特艺廊、英国国立美术馆、大英博物馆与维多利亚和艾伯特博物馆。人口︰都会区约7,007,000（1995）。
English version：
London
Capital and largest city (metro. area pop., 1995 est.: 7,007,000), United Kingdom, situated in southeastern England on the River Thames. Inner London includes the original City of London and 13 of London's 33 boroughs; Greater London, includes all 33 boroughs. Founded by the Romans as Londinium in the 1st century AD, it passed to the Saxons in the 6th century. City fortifications were destroyed by the Danes, who invaded England in 865, but were later rebuilt. William I the Conqueror established the central stronghold of the fortress known as the Tower of London. Norman kings selected Westminster as their seat of government, and Edward the Confessor built the church known as Westminster Abbey. The largest city in Europe north of the Alps by 1085, it was struck by the Black Death in 1348-49. In the mid-16th century it saw important growth in trade, fueled by the establishment of Britain's overseas empire. In 1664-65 the plague killed about 70,000 Londoners, and in 1666 the Great Fire of London consumed five-sixths of the City; it was afterwards rebuilt (see Christopher Wren). It was the center of world trade from the late 18th century to 1914. It opened the world's first electric underground railway in 1890. It was severely damaged by German bombs in the Battle of Britain during World War II. Among its sites of interest are Buckingham Palace, the Tate Gallery, the National Gallery, the British Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum.
